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​1.  What would you do if you spotted a wild animal in your proximity?

2.  If you know that inflation forecasts were one per cent lower than actuals and commodity bundles would cost two per cent more than expected, how much more should you save every year so that your retirement quality of life is not compromised?

If you had quick answers to the first question but were not sure about the second, you are not alone. Several years ago, when our ancestors lived in rudimentary dwellings and had a barter economy, their decision-making primarily focused on questions like the first.

As our society has evolved and our economy has become more complex, we have to deal increasingly with questions about debt repayments, retirement savings, budgeting, mortgages and lines of credit.

And yet, the human brain has evolved over hundreds of years with the goal of survival. The more civilized and developed we have become, the more we are asking our brains and its associated apparatus to do what it was simply not designed to do.

Finance is non-intuitive for humans

Financial capability is one domain in which the inadequacies of humans are particularly stark. Changes in the financial landscape over the past 20 years have taxed our cognitive capabilities to new levels.

In the United States and elsewhere, the has put citizens in the driver’s seat for making contribution and investment choices.

Rising costs of education also require families to plan better. An increase in the and ranging from mortgages, loans, investment options and credit cards require citizens to be even more knowledgeable about their features.

And easy access to credit means that citizens have to make decisions about allocating consumption over time – a relatively new skill that wasn’t needed in the pre-credit era.

Finally, finance is non-intuitive to the human brain. Research has shown that people consistently or ongoing expenses on their well-being.

The financial inclusion challenge

So, how well do we do on financial capability? A 2011 study entitled painted “a troubling picture of the state of financial capability in the United States. ... The majority of Americans do not plan for predictable events such as retirement or children’s college education. Most importantly, people do not make provisions for unexpected events and emergencies, leaving themselves and the economy exposed to shocks.”

In Canada, the news was equally dim. The 2010 recommendations of the , set up by the federal government, found that financial capability in Canada was no better than other countries. A total 31 per cent of Canadians were struggling to meet their bills and payments.

The task force also found that the diversity in our country makes financial inclusion challenging. “Aboriginal Canadians,” “young adults,” “very recent immigrants” and “low-income and low-net-worth households” were the categories of people found to be struggling just to make ends meet.

In writing about the importance of financial literacy, the task force wrote: “It is more than a nice-to-have skill. It is a necessity in today’s world – and, moving forward, should be treated as such by policy-makers, educators, employers and other stakeholders across the country.”

Fixing the handicap

Over the past seven years, efforts in Canada and elsewhere have focused on improving financial literacy and helping citizens make better financial decisions.

The has led the charge in creating a culture of a financially literate Canada. The news is encouraging – there have been demonstrated improvements in financial capability and Canadians seem less stressed about their finances.

Yet, there is much work to be done. As the adage goes with any behavioural change challenge: It is relatively easy to make a change, but sustaining and growing the momentum are more difficult.

In particular, efforts have focused on teaching Canadians critical skills at the right time. This includes .

In the language of the behavioural sciences, . Rebiasing simply refers to fighting one form of cognitive handicap with an intervention that may not necessarily fix the handicap. Giving people a rule of thumb to make better mortgage decisions doesn’t help them understand the theory of mortgages any better, it just helps them choose.

On the other hand, debiasing . When confronted with a mortgage, for instance, a debiased citizen might truly think in terms of interest rates, net present values and budgeting for payments rather than relying on a rule of thumb. It requires a fundamental mindset shift! It requires ongoing training and practice!

Financial literacy in schools

What better place to change mindsets of future citizens than our schools and colleges?

The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) runs a program called the Program for International Student Assessment (PISA). to its assessment of math, science and reading in 15 countries (including seven Canadian provinces).

The measurement of these skills are essential – after all, it is difficult to impact something that can’t be measured. Critical to success in these initiatives is a curriculum that allows kids to make financial decisions and get feedback in a safe space.

This can be done through a combination of traditional classroom activities, technology enabled games and some limited real world practice.

Most Canadian provinces and territories embed financial literacy in their school curricula to some degree. The financial education children receive, however, .

stands out: A new curriculum includes mandatory financial literacy instruction within math courses at every grade level, beginning in kindergarten.

The need for “street smarts”

Results from PISA show that .

The boost from school programs is especially significant in cases where there are high levels of parental involvement and when capabilities are developed through practice (either in simulated or real bank accounts) rather than through mere lectures.

The study – which included data from seven Canadian provinces, and in which – also shows that socio-economic status matters. It shows that while numeracy (being able to compute interest rates etc.) is important, it is definitely not sufficient.

Being “street smart” about things such as recognizing that some deals really are too good to be true, understanding the role of income tax or being vigilant for fraudulent e-mails also play an important role in financial capability.

A financially trained citizen base

Developing a financially literate and fair marketplace has three large building blocks:

1. Financial literacy for adults who need it now.

2. Behaviourally informed regulation that ensures a fair marketplace.

3. A citizen base that acknowledges the centrality of financial capability to well-being and is trained to think financially.

We have made inroads into the first two of these three blocks, and it is now time to tackle the third.

 is a professor and co-director of Behavioural Economics in Action at Rotman (BEAR), University of Toronto

This article was originally published on . Read the .